Teacher's Resources: Molecular Biology

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Algorithms, Thermodynamics and Databases for RNA Secondary Structure - a closer look at RNA
American Society for Microbiology - career assistance
Animal Viruses - electron micrograph images from University of Cape Town
Aptosis Discussion - from Brutlag's Links Pages
Aptosis Discussion - from WWW Virtual Library of Cell Biology
Apoptosis Discussion - from Cell Death Society
Array Express Database - a gene expression plan from European Bioinformatics Institute
BioMagResBank - holds structural NMR data for over 1640 proteins and other biomolecules
Biotechnology Information - gene expression database from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
Cell Biology - Talk Saver site for quick review
Demeter’s Genomes - listing of genome databases mostly for experts, but some of it may be used by amateurs, such as botanists for example
Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology - on-line Third Edition
DNA from the Beginning
Enzyme Explorer - Metabolic Pathway Charts developed during a fifteen-year collaboration between Sigma-Aldrich and Dr. Donald Nicholson.
Ewe2 - a case study launched March 1999
GeneClinics - diagnostic information on genetic diseases
Gene Expression Links - DNA microarray databases from the European Bioinformantics Institute
Gene Expression Omnibus - an archive of results from DNA microarrays from National Center for Biotechnology Information
The GENE Project - from Kansas State University
Genome Channel - a road map for finding genes
Genomic Links - from Falkow Lab at Stanford
Genomes OnLine Database (GOLD) - Tracks the status of over 250 genomes. Many links to viruses, phages, organelles etc.
Genomics: A Global Source - updated each weekday with news of what is happening in the field
A Molecular Biology Glossary
Graphics Gallery - a variety of visual images of molecular structures and organic cycles
Human Biology - from University of Arizona Biology Project
Human Genome Center - at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories
The Humane Genome Project
Icelandic Genome Mapping - discussion of the controversial plan for a private genomic database for all of the people in Iceland
Informagen
Interactive Cell in Three Dimensions - from Brown University
Medicago Genome Initiative - expressed sequence tags for Medicago truncatula, a model for legumes
Mendelian Inheritance in Man - Online - from National Center for Biotechnology Information
Microbe Zoo -digital learning center for microbial ecology
Microbes.info - The Microbiology Information Portal.
Model Organisms for Biomedical Research - NIH launchpad to genome databases and other links for eight model organisms
Molecular Expressions - exploring the world of optics and microscopy
Molecular Sequence Analysis - a handy guide
Molecular Virology - from the Institute of Molecular Virology - Madison, Wisconsin
Mutation Databases - a database for specific traits and diseases linked to mutations
Nanoworld - from University of Queensland - Australia
National Biotechnology Information Facility - a set of over 7000 biotechnology links carefully annotated
NCBI GenBank - Representation of Positionally-Cloned Human Disease Genes by ESTs in dbEST
Nucleic Acids Research - a review of bio databases
Organism Database - from Universite Aix Marseille
Pathology Lab for Medical Education - from Florida State University College of Medicine
Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA: A Documentary History. - from Oregon State University LibrariesSpecial Collections
PDSP Drug Database - the affinity constants (k) for ligand binding to over 125 G-protein receptors
Phyogeny Programs - compares gene and protein sequences among organisms
Physiol Genomics - an electronic journal on genes and function
Rare Genetic Diseases in Children - from New York University Medical Center
Transport Protein Links Page - links to The Transport Classification Page and The Genomic Transport Analysis Page, from a lab which studies the proteins that shuttle molecules and ions across cell membranes
Vaults Novel Cell Particles - a discussion of cell particles called 'vaults' which are composed of protein and ribosomal RNA
Virtual Cell - examine a plant cell under a virtual microscope
Virus News and Views - from the Microbiology Department of the University of Capetown, South Africa
Virus Particle Explorer - a databank of viral shapes from the Protein Data Bank at Scripps
Waksman Student Scholars - from Rutgers University

GLOSSARY TERMS

abnormal hemoglobin, abscisic acid, absolute time, absorption, absorptive feeders, acetylcholine, acetyl CoA, acoelomates, acquired immunodeficiency, actin, action potential, active transport, adaptation, adaptive radiation, adenine, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adventitious roots, age structure, aggregates, albinism, aldosterone, alleles, allergens, alternation of generations, altitudinal gradient, alveoli, symbiotic, amino acids, amino acid sequence, amniocentesis, amniote egg, amoebocytes, amphibians, anabolic reactions, anaerobic, analogous structures, anaphase, anaphylactic shock, anaphylaxis, androecium, aneuploidy, angina, angiosperms, Animalia, , antagonistic muscles, anther, antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, antibodies, antibody-mediated immunity, anticodon, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), antigenic determinant, antigens, antinutrients, anus, aorta, apical meristem, apnea, apocrine glands, appendicular skeleton, appendix, Archaea, Archaebacteria, archaeocyathids, Archean/Proterozoic Era, aridity, arrector pili, arteries, arterioles, artificial selection, ascomycetes, ascus, asexual reproduction, assortment, aster, asteroid impacts, asthma, asymmetrical, atmosphere, atomic number, atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) valve, auricle, autonomic system, autosomes, autotrophic, autotrophs, auxins, axial skeleton, axillary buds, axons, , bark, Barr body, barriers to gene flow, basal body, base, basidia, basidiomycetes, basidiospores, B cells, benthic zone, bilateral symmetry, biliary system, binary fission, binding sites, binomial system of nomenclature, biochemical cycle, biochemical reactions, biochemistry, biodiversity, biogeography, bioluminescent, biomass, biome, biosphere, birth rate, bladder, blastocoel, blastocyst, blastula, blending, blood group or type, B memory cells, body fossil, bolus, bony fish, bottlenecks, brachiopods, brachydactly, brain, brain stem, bronchi, bronchioles, bronchitis, brown algae, brush border, bryophytes, budding , bud sports, buffers, bulbourethral glands, bursae, calcitonin, Calvin cycle, cambium, Cambrian, campodactyly, capillaries, capillary bed, capsid, capsule, cardiac cycle, cardiac muscle, cardiovascular system, carnivores, carotenoids, carpals, carpels, carrageenan, carrying capacity, Casparian strip, catabolic reactions, catastrophism, cell , cell cycle, cell-mediated immunity, cell plate, cells, cell , cellular, cell wall, Cenozoic, central nervous system, centriole, cephalization, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, cerebrum, cervix, channels, chemical equilibrium, chemiosmosis, chemotrophs, chiasma, chitin, chlamydia, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll c, chloroplasts, cholecystokinin, chorion, chorionic villi sampling (CVS), chromatid, chromatin, chromosomes, chromosome theory of inheritance, Chrysophytes, cilia, circadian rhythms, circulatory system, circulatory system, closed, circulatory system, open, classes, clavicle, cleavage furrow, climax community, clitoris, clone, closed community, codominance, codon, coelom, coelomates, coenzymes, cohesion, cohesion-adhesion , collenchyma, colonial, commensalism, community, community age, community simplification, community succession, compact bone, companion cells, competition, competitive exclusion, competitive release, complementary nucleotides, complement system, complete dominance, compound, compound leaf, conditioned response, cones, conifers, connective tissue, consumers, continuous variation, contrast, convergent evolution, convergent plate boundary, coprolites, cork, cork cambium, coronary arteries, corpus callosum, corpus luteum, cortex, cortisol, cotyledon, countercurrent flow, courtship behavior, covalent bond, cranium, cristae, crossing-over, crossopterygians, crustaceans, cuticle, cyanobacteria, cycads, cycle, cyclin, cystic fibrosis, cytokinesis, cytokinins, cytology, cytoplasm, cytosine, cytoxic T cells, dark reactions, death rate, deciduous, deletion, dendrites, dendrochronology, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), deoxyribose, depth diversity gradient, dermal system, dermis, desert biome, desmosome, deuterostomes, diabetes mellitus, Types I and II, diaphragm, diastole, diatomaceous earth, dicots, dictyosomes, diencephalon, diffusion, digestion, digestive system, dihybrid cross, dinoflagellates, dinosaurs, diploid, directional selection, disaccharides, discontinuous variation, disruptive selection, distal tubule, divergent evolution, divergent plate boundary, diversity, DNA hybridization, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, dominance, dominance hierarchy, dominant, double , duodenum, duplication, dystrophin, eccrine glands, ecological niche, ecological time, ecology, ecosystem, ecotones, ecotype, ectoderm, ectotherms, effector, ejaculatory duct, electron, electron acceptor, electron transport, electrostatic attraction, element, elongation, embryo, embryo sac, emphysema, endergonic, endochondral ossification, endocrine system, endocytosis, endoderm, endodermis, endometrium, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), endoskeleton, endosperm, endosymbiosis, endothermic, endotherms, endothermy, energy flow, energy of activation, entropy, enzymes, epidermis, epididymis, epiglottis, epinephrine, epistasis, epithelial tissue, eras, erythrocytes, esophagus, estrogen, ethylene, Eubacteria, Euglenoids, eukaryote, euphotic zone, eutrophication, evaporation, evolution, evolutionary tree, excretion, excretory system, exine, exocytosis, exon, exoskeleton, exothermic, exponential rate, expression, extinction, extracellular digestion, extracellular route, eyespot, families, fats, fauna, feces, femur, fertilization, fibroblast, fibrous root, filaments, filter feeders, filtration, first law of thermodynamics (conservation), fitness, flagella, flame cell, flora, flowers, fluid feeders, fluid-mosaic, follicles, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), fontanels, food chain, food pyramid, food web, foraminifera, forebrain, fossil, fossil fuels, fossil record, founder effect, fovea, freshwater biome, frontal lobe, fruit, fucoxanthin, Fungi, Gaia, gametes, gametophyte, ganglia, gap junctions, gastric pits, gastrin, >gastroesophageal sphincter, gene pool, genera, genes, gene therapy, genetic code, genetic divergence, genetic drift, genetic maps, genetics, genital herpes, genome, genotype, geographic isolation, geographic range, geological time, geotropism, germ cells, gestation, gibberellins, gill slits, ginkgos, glial cells, glomerulus, glucagon, glucocorticoids, glucose, glycogen, glycolipids, glycolysis, glycoproteins, gnetales, golden brown algae, Golgi complex, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), gonadotropins, Gondwana, gonorrhea, grana, grasslands biome, green algae, greenhouse effect, ground system, growth hormone (GH), growth rings, guard cells, guanine, gymnosperms, gynoecium, habitat disruption, hair bulb, hair root, hair shaft, half-life, halophiles, haploid, hardwoods, Haversian canal, heart, heartwood, helper T cells, hemizygous, hemoglobin, hemophilia, hepatitis B, herbaceous, herbivores, heterogametic sex, heterotrophic, heterotrophs, heterozygous, histamine, histone proteins, homeobox genes, homeostasis, hominid, hominoid, homologous structures, homologues, homozygous, hormones, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), Human Genome Project, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Huntington disease, hydrogen bond, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, hydrophytic leaves, hydrosphere, hydrostatic skeleton, hypertension, hypertonic, hyphae, hypothesis, hypothalamus, hypotonic, ice age, ileum, immovable joint, immune system, immunoglobulins, implantation, incomplete dominance, incus, inflammation, inflammatory response, ingestive feeders, inheritance of acquired characteristics, initiation, initiation codon (AUG), insertion, insulin, integration, integument, integumentary system, interferons, internal environment, interneurons, internodes, interphase, interstitial, interstitial fluid, intracellular digestion, intracellular parasites, intracellular route, intron, inversion, ionic bond, isotonic, isotopes, jejunum, Jurassic Period, karyotype, keratin, keratinocytes, kidney stones, killer T cells, kilocalorie, kinetochores, kingdoms, Klinefelter syndrome, Kreb's cycle, labia majora, labia minora, lactose intolerance, Langerhans' cells, large intestine, larva, larynx, lateral roots, latitudinal diversity gradient, latitudinal gradient, law of the minimum, L-dopa, leaf primordia, leaf veins, leaves, leukocytes, lichens, life history, ligaments, light reactions, lignin, linkage, lipids, lipases, lithosphere, lobe-finned, logistic growth model, long-day plants, loop of Henle, lungfish, lungs, luteal phase, luteinizing hormone (LH), lymph, lymphatic circulation, lymphatic system, lymph hearts, lymphocytes, Lyon hypothesis, lysosomes, macroevolution, macromolecules, macronucleus, macronutrients, macrophages, malleus, Malpighian tubules, mammal-like reptiles, mantle, marine biome, marsupials, mass extinction, mast cells, matter, matter cycling, maximum sustainable yield (MSY), medulla, medulla oblongata, medusa, megakarocytes, megaspores, megaspore mother cell, meiosis, Meissner's corpuscles, melanin, melanocytes, membrane-attack complex (MAC), menstrual cycle, menstruation, meristematic tissue, mesentary, mesoderm, mesoglea, mesophyll, mesophytic leaves, Mesozoic Era, messenger RNA (mRNA), metabolic pathway, metabolism, metamorphosis, metaphase, metastasis, methanogens, methionine, micelles, microevolution, microfilaments, microgametophyte, micronucleus, micronutrients, micropyle, microsporangia, microspore mother cell, microspores, microtubules, microvilli, midbrain, middle lamella, migration, mineralocorticoids, minerals, minimum viable population (MVP), mitochondria, mitosis, mitotic spindle, mole, molecules, molecular biology, Monera, monocots, monoculture, monocytes, monohybrid cross, monomer, monophyletic group, monosaccharides, monotremes, morph, morphological convergence, morula, mosaic evolution, motor, motor (efferent) pathways, motor units, mouth, mucus, multicellular, multinucleate, muscle fibers, muscular system, mutation, mutation rate, mutualism, mycelium, mycorrhiza, myelin sheath, myofibrils, myosin, nares, nastic movement, natural selection, nectaries, negative feedback, negative feedback control, negative feedback loop, nektonic organisms, nephridium, nephron, nerve cord, nerve net, nerves, nervous system, net primary productivity (NPP), net secondary productivity (NSP), neural tube, neuromuscular junction, neurons, neurotoxin, neurotransmitters, neutron, niche, niche overlap, nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP⁺), node, node of Ranvier, nondisjunction, nonvascular plants, norepinephrine, notochord, nuclear area, nuclear pores, nucleic acids, nucleoid, nucleolus, nucleosomes, nucleotide sequences, nucleotides, nucleus (atom), nucleus (cell), nyctinasty, occipital lobe, oils, oncogenes, one gene, one enzyme hypothesis, one gene one polypeptide hypothesis, oocyte, oogenesis, open community, opposable, opsins, orders, Ordovician extinction, Ordovician Period, organelles, organism, organs, organ systems, orgasm, osmoconformers, osmoregulation, osmoregulators, osmosis, osmotic pressure, ossification, osteoarthritis, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, osteoporosis, out of Africa hypothesis, ovaries, overkill, oviducts, ovulation, ovule, ovum, oxidation, oxytocin, ozone, pacemaker, Pacinian corpuscles, paleontology, Paleozoic Era, palindrome, palisade, palynology, palynomorph, pancreas, pancreatic islets, Pangaea, parallel evolution, parasites, parasitism, parasympathetic system, parenchyma, parietal lobe, passive transport, pectin, pectoral girdle, pedigree analysis, pelagic zone, pelvic girdle, pelvis, penicillin, pepsin, pepsinogen, peptic ulcer, peptide bond, peptides, perichondrium, perennials, period, periosteum, peripheral nervous system, peristalsis, Permian Period, peroxisomes, petals, petiole, PGA (phosphoglycerate), PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde, phagocytes, phagocytosis, pharynx, phenotype, pheromones, phloem, phosphate group, phospholipids, phosphorylation, photic zone, photoperiodism, photosynthesis, photosystems, phototropism, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, phylogeny, phylogenetic, phylum, phytochrome, phytoplankton, pilus, pineal gland, pioneer community, pistil, pith, pituitary gland, placenta, placental mammals, planaria, planktonic organisms, Plantae, plasma, plasma cells, plasmids, plasmodesmata, plasmolysis, plastids, platelets, plate tectonics, pleiotropic, Pleistocene, pleura, pleural cavity, polar covalent bond, pollen grains, pollen tube, pollination, polygenic inheritance, polymer, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), polynucleotides, polyp, polyploidy, polysaccharides, pons, population, population dynamics, portal system, positive feedback, positive feedback control, precambrian, precipitation, predation, predatory release, prehensile movement, prenatal testing, presymptomatic screening, prey switching, primary cell wall, primary body, primary compounds, primary growth, primary macronutrients, primary meristems, primary root, primary structure, primates, principle of independent assortment, principle of segregation, prions, producers, progesterone, prokaryote, prolactin, promoter, prophase, prostaglandins, prostate gland, proteinoids, proteins, prothallus, Protista, protists, proton, protostomes, protozoa, proximal tubule, pseudocoelom, pseudocoelomates, pseudopodia, pulmonary artery, pulmonary circuit, pulmonary vein, punctuated equilibrium, purine, pyloric sphincter, pyrimidine, quantum models of speciation, Quaternary Period, quaternary structure, race, radially symmetrical, radiation, radioactive decay, ray-finned, reabsorption, receptacle, receptor, recessive, recombinant DNA molecules, recombinant DNA technology, recombination, red algae, red blood cell, red tides, reduction, reductional division, reflex, reflex arc, region of division, region of elongation, region of maturation (differentiation), relative time , renal tubule, renin, replication, reproductive isolating mechanism, reproductive system, reptiles, resolution, resource partitioning, respiration, respiratory surface, respiratory system, resting potential, restriction enzymes, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), retina, retroviruses, reverse transcriptase, reverse transcription, rheumatoid arthritis, rhizoids, rhizome, rhodopsin, ribonucleic acid (RNA), ribose, ribosomal RNA, ribosomal subunits, ribosomes, RNA polymerase, RNA transcript, rods, root cap, root hairs, root-leaf-vascular system axis, roots, root system, RuBP, S phase, salivary amylase, salivary glands, saprophytes, sapwood, sarcomeres, saturated fat, Schwann cells, scientific method, sclereids, sclerenchyma, scrotum, secondary cell wall, secondary compounds, secondary extinction, secondary growth, secondary immunity, secondary macronutrients, secondary (lateral) meristems, secondary phloem, secondary structure, secondary xylem, second law of thermodynamics (entropy), second messenger, secretin, secretion, sediment, sedimentary rock, seed, seed coat, segments, segregation, selective breeding, selectively permeable, semen, semiconservative replication, semilunar valve, seminal vesicles, seminiferous tubules, sensor, sensory cortex, sensory input, sensory neurons, sensory (afferent) pathways, sepals, separation, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID, sex chromosomes, sex hormones, sex linkage, sexual reproduction, shoot, short-day plants, sickle cell anemia, sieve cells, sieve elements, sieve plates, sieve tube members, silica, Silurian Period, simple leaf , sink, sinoatrial (SA) node, sister chromatids, sleep movement, skeletal muscle, skeletal system, skin, sliding filament model, small intestine, smooth muscle, social behavior, societies, sodium-potassium pump, soil, somatic, somatic cell, somatic senses, somatic nervous system, somatostatin, somites, special senses, species, species diversity, species packing, species richness, sperm, spermatogenesis, spicules, spinal cord, spindle apparatus, spleen, spongy bone, spongy mesophyll, sporangia, spores, sporophyte, Sporozoans, stability, stabilizing selection, stalk, stamens, stapes, start codon, stem cells, sternum, steroids, sticky ends, stigma, stimulus, stolons, stomach, stomata, stomatal apparatus, stop codon, stratification, stressed community, stroma, style, subatomic particles, suberin, subspecies, substitution, substrate feeders, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), superior vena cava, suppressor T cells, suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN), symbiosis, sympathetic system, synapse, synapsis, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicles, synergid, synovial joint, syphilis, systematics, systemic circuit, systole, systolic pressure, taiga biome, tap root, target cell, tarsals, taxis, taxon, taxonomy, T cells, tectonic plates , telophase, temperate forest biome, template strand, temporal lobe, tendons, terminal buds, termination, termination codon, tertiary structure, test cross, testes, testosterone, tetrad, thalamus, thecodonts, theory, thermacidophiles, thermiogenesis, thermoregulation, thigmotropism, thoracic cavity, thorax, thorns, thoroughfare channels, thymine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, tight junctions, tissues, toxins, trace fossil, trachea, tracheids, transcription, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), transformation, transforming factor, transition reaction, translation, translocation, transpiration, Triassic Period, trichomes, trichocysts, trilobites, triplet, trisomy, trophoblast, tropical rain forest biome, tropic hormone, tropism, true-breeding, trypanosomes, tubal ligation, tubal pregnancy, tube-within-a-tube system, tube nucleus, tubers, tubular secretion, tubulins, tumor suppressor genes, tundra biome, turgor pressure, Turner syndrome, , umbilical cord, unicellular, uniformitarianism, uninucleate, unsaturated fat, uracil, ureter, urethra, urine, uterus, vaccination, vaccine, vacuoles, vagina, vascular bundle, vascular cambium, vascular cylinder, vascular parenchyma, vascular plants, vascular system, vas deferens, vasectomy, vasopressin, vectors, veins, ventilation, ventral, ventricle, venules, vernalization, vertebrae, vertebrate, vesicles, vessel elements, vestigial structures, villi, viroids, virus, vitamins, vulva, white blood cell, wood, X-chromosome, xerophytic leaves, x-ray diffraction, xylem, zebroid, Z lines, zone of differentiation, zone of elongation, zone of intolerance, zone of physiological stress, zygomycetes, zygospore, zygote