Teacher's Resources: Botany

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Fuschia colored flower with four leaves.

Click once on any underlined text to go to that site. Last updated on June 18, 2003:
AgriSeek - Marketplace to aid those from gardening field in buying and selling horticulture, gardens, plants, flowers, seeds, landscape and a wide range of services. All services are free. Algae - Harmful Algae Page - National Office of Marine Biotoxins
Center for Algal Microscopy and Image Digitalization - Cleaned Diatoms Digitized Images - Bowling Green University
American Horticultural Society
American Society of Plant Biologists
American Society of Plant Physiologists
Angiosperm DNA C-Values Database
Ben Archive - botanical electronic news
Botanical Dermatology Database
Andean Botanical Information System
Art Pronts of Wildlife
Botanical Society of America Online Image Collection
Glossary of Botanical Terms in French and English - Missouri Botanical Gardens
Botany Course Materials - U. Wisconsin
Botanical Image Database - from University of Basel
British Society for Plant Pathology
CalFlora Database
CalPhotos - California plant species, photos developed by UC Berkeley Digital Library
Checklist of Online Vegetation and Plant Distribution Maps -Stanford - includes Carnivorous Plant Database
Cyberbotanica Online botany education resource from Indiana University
CyBib - cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) bibliography.
World List of Cycads
Dendrome: Forest Tree Genome Database from UC Davis
Tree Identifier
Forest and Shade Tree Pathology
Tree-Ring and Tree-Ring Research Web Pages - Valdosta State(dendrology)
Diatom Collection of the California Academy of Sciences
Elite Farmer - Agriculture's portal for products, services, and information.
Endangered Plants - National Collection
Ethnobotanical Resources Directory
Tico Ethnobotanical Dictionary
FERNS - The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, University of California at Berkeley and Utah State University
Flora of China - Harvard
Atlas of the Flora of New England
Flora of North America
E-Flora Florida:Illustrated Atlas of Florida Plants
Flowering Plant Gateway - Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University
Taxonomy of Flowering Plants - Botany 301 at Texas A&M
The Bruns Lab - an overview of current research - Mycology - UC Berkeley
Fungi Links - from BUBL - an oddly name, yet massive information link
Introduction to Fungi - UC Berkeley
Digital Exsiccate of Fungi
Fungal Genetics Stock Center - U of Kansas
Mould (mold) Identification (Introduction) - U Toronto
Mushroompeople - Catalog & Links
MycoElectronica - World of Mushrooms
Mycological Resources on the Net - WWW Virtual Library
Mycology Home Pages - Byers
Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory - ARS USDA
Mycology Online - U of Adelaide, AU
Mycological Society of America
MycorWeb - France
MykoWeb
Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory (SBML)
University of Michigan Herbarium - Searchable fungus collection
Zoosporic Fungi Online - U of Georgia
Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures - homepage and database
WebGarden Resources - Ohio State University
Gesneriad Reference Web
Glossary of Roots of Botanical Names
New York Botanical Garden: Herbarium Speciman Catalog
HerbMed - results of clinical trials of medicinal herbal claims
Horticultural and Gardening Databases/ Michigan Electronic Library
Endeavour Botanical Illustrations
Smithsonian Catalog of Botanical Illustrations
The Electronic Plant Information Centre - Kew Gardens
Cumulative Checklist for the Lichen-forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental US and Canada - North Dakota State
Maine Potato Catalog - from the Wood Prairie Farm
Medicinal and Economic Plants Resources - UMD
Keoz6 - a vertical Science port
Kohler's Medizinal Pflanzen
Molecular Probes Molecular probe technology
Native Plants - Plant Conservation Alliance
Florida Museum of Natural History
Noble Foundation Plant Image Gallery
Index Nominum Genericorum - Smithsonian
Paleobotanical Collection
Museum of Paleontology, UC Berkeley - Seed plants
Review & Atlas of Paleovegetation
Parasitic Plant Connection/ Southern Illinois University
Penstemon Page - "Home of the Beardtongue"
Phytochemical and Enthnobotany Database - Browsable and searchable database of plant chemicals and worldwide uses of plants
Plant Answers
Topical Reviews in Plant Biology - from the American Society of Plant Biologists
Plant Cell Imaging - Carnegie Institution of Washington
Plant Dictionary from Ohio State University "A searchable database of 1,071 high quality images and horticultural descriptions for 591 selected ornamental plants.
National Plant Germplasm System - USDA
Plant Image Gallery - Created and maintained by Thomas Schoepke of the Institute of Pharmacy at Greifswald University
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
Plant Molecular Virology - University of Arizona (Xiong's Virology Page) Molecular biology of plant viruses and virus-host interactions
International Plant Names Index - from botanists on three continents
Plants National Database - USDA
Plants of the Southwest
Plant Pathology Internet Guide Book / British Society for Plant Pathology
Plant Pathology Related Sites on the Web
Mississippi State Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology
Plant Re-introductions, Recovery Plans and Restoration Programs - Reference List - Kew Gardens, UK
Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database
Poisonous Plants Web Page Pages/ Cornell - Smith & Brown
Rhododendron Web Resources / UVA
Royal Botanical Garden, Sydney Australia
Scrophulariaceae Names Index
Seed Dormancy and/or Germination in Higher Plants - Related Bibliography of References
Species 2000
Tallgrass Prairie in Illinois
Intergrated Taxonomic Information System
Transgenic Crops: An Introduction and Resource Guide
British Trees
Arkansas Biodiversity:The Vascular Flora
Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants
Vascular Plant Image Gallery - Texas A&M
Vascular Plant Type Catalog - New York Botanical Gardens
UC Davis Dept. of Viticulture & Enology
National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands - from U. S. Fish and Wildlife Habitat Assessment
National Wildflower Research Center [Austin, Texas] - the Ladybird Johnson Wildflower Center
Florida Wildflower Showcase

To Place an order, fax us at 916-379-9639, call us at 800-331-4728, or email us at [grauhall AT cwnet DOT com]

Click once on any underlined text to go to that site:
Glossary of Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plant Glossary - from University of Florida by Dave L. Sutton, Ph.D
The Plants Database Botanary
Capsicum Varieties Database
Botany, Horticultural and Plant Resources for K12 Educators

GLOSSARY TERMS

Abnormal hemoglobin, abscisic acid, absolute time, absorption, absorptive feeders, acetylcholine, acetyl CoA, acoelomates, acquired immunodeficiency, actin, action potential, active transport, adaptation, adaptive radiation, adenine, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adventitious roots, age structure, aggregates, albinism, aldosterone, alleles, allergens, alternation of generations, altitudinal gradient, alveoli, symbiotic, amino acids, amino acid sequence, amniocentesis, amniote egg, amoebocytes, amphibians, anabolic reactions, anaerobic, analogous structures, anaphase, anaphylactic shock, anaphylaxis, androecium, aneuploidy, angina, angiosperms, Animalia, , antagonistic muscles, anther, antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, antibodies, antibody-mediated immunity, anticodon, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), antigenic determinant, antigens, antinutrients, anus, aorta, apical meristem, apnea, apocrine glands, appendicular skeleton, appendix, Archaea, Archaebacteria, archaeocyathids, Archean/Proterozoic Era, aridity, arrector pili, arteries, arterioles, artificial selection, ascomycetes, ascus, asexual reproduction, assortment, aster, asteroid impacts, asthma, asymmetrical, atmosphere, atomic number, atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) valve, auricle, autonomic system, autosomes, autotrophic, autotrophs, auxins, axial skeleton, axillary buds, axons, , bark, Barr body, barriers to gene flow, basal body, base, basidia, basidiomycetes, basidiospores, B cells, benthic zone, bilateral symmetry, biliary system, binary fission, binding sites, binomial system of nomenclature, biochemical cycle, biochemical reactions, biochemistry, biodiversity, biogeography, bioluminescent, biomass, biome, biosphere, birth rate, bladder, blastocoel, blastocyst, blastula, blending, blood group or type, B memory cells, body fossil, bolus, bony fish, botany, bottlenecks, brachiopods, brachydactly, brain, brain stem, bronchi, bronchioles, bronchitis, brown algae, brush border, bryophytes, budding , bud sports, buffers, bulbourethral glands, bursae, calcitonin, Calvin cycle, cambium, Cambrian, campodactyly, capillaries, capillary bed, capsid, capsule, cardiac cycle, cardiac muscle, cardiovascular system, carnivores, carotenoids, carpals, carpels, carrageenan, carrying capacity, Casparian strip, catabolic reactions, catastrophism, cell , cell cycle, cell-mediated immunity, cell plate, cells, cell , cellular, cell wall, Cenozoic, central nervous system, centriole, cephalization, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, cerebrum, cervix, channels, chemical equilibrium, chemiosmosis, chemotrophs, chiasma, chitin, chlamydia, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll c, chloroplasts, cholecystokinin, chorion, chorionic villi sampling (CVS), chromatid, chromatin, chromosomes, chromosome theory of inheritance, Chrysophytes, cilia, circadian rhythms, circulatory system, circulatory system, closed, circulatory system, open, classes, clavicle, cleavage furrow, climax community, clitoris, clone, closed community, codominance, codon, coelom, coelomates, coenzymes, cohesion, cohesion-adhesion , collenchyma, colonial, commensalism, community, community age, community simplification, community succession, compact bone, companion cells, competition, competitive exclusion, competitive release, complementary nucleotides, complement system, complete dominance, compound, compound leaf, conditioned response, cones, conifers, connective tissue, consumers, continuous variation, contrast, convergent evolution, convergent plate boundary, coprolites, cork, cork cambium, coronary arteries, corpus callosum, corpus luteum, cortex, cortisol, cotyledon, countercurrent flow, courtship behavior, covalent bond, cranium, cristae, crossing-over, crossopterygians, crustaceans, cuticle, cyanobacteria, cycads, cycle, cyclin, cystic fibrosis, cytokinesis, cytokinins, cytology, cytoplasm, cytosine, cytoxic T cells, dark reactions, death rate, deciduous, deletion, dendrites, dendrochronology, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), deoxyribose, depth diversity gradient, dermal system, dermis, desert biome, desmosome, deuterostomes, diabetes mellitus, Types I and II, diaphragm, diastole, diatomaceous earth, dicots, dictyosomes, diencephalon, diffusion, digestion, digestive system, dihybrid cross, dinoflagellates, dinosaurs, diploid, directional selection, disaccharides, discontinuous variation, disruptive selection, distal tubule, divergent evolution, divergent plate boundary, diversity, DNA hybridization, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, dominance, dominance hierarchy, dominant, double , duodenum, duplication, dystrophin, eccrine glands, ecological niche, ecological time, ecology, ecosystem, ecotones, ecotype, ectoderm, ectotherms, effector, ejaculatory duct, electron, electron acceptor, electron transport, electrostatic attraction, element, elongation, embryo, embryo sac, emphysema, endergonic, endochondral ossification, endocrine system, endocytosis, endoderm, endodermis, endometrium, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), endoskeleton, endosperm, endosymbiosis, endothermic, endotherms, endothermy, energy flow, energy of activation, entropy, enzymes, epidermis, epididymis, epiglottis, epinephrine, epistasis, epithelial tissue, eras, erythrocytes, esophagus, estrogen, ethylene, Eubacteria, Euglenoids, eukaryote, euphotic zone, eutrophication, evaporation, evolution, evolutionary tree, excretion, excretory system, exine, exocytosis, exon, exoskeleton, exothermic, exponential rate, expression, extinction, extracellular digestion, extracellular route, eyespot, families, fats, fauna, feces, femur, fertilization, fibroblast, fibrous root, filaments, filter feeders, filtration, first law of thermodynamics (conservation), fitness, flagella, flame cell, flora, flowers, fluid feeders, fluid-mosaic, follicles, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), fontanels, food chain, food pyramid, food web, foraminifera, forebrain, fossil, fossil fuels, fossil record, founder effect, fovea, freshwater biome, frontal lobe, fruit, fucoxanthin, Fungi, Gaia, gametes, gametophyte, ganglia, gap junctions, gastric pits, gastrin, >gastroesophageal sphincter, gene pool, genera, genes, gene therapy, genetic code, genetic divergence, genetic drift, genetic maps, genetics, genital herpes, genome, genotype, geographic isolation, geographic range, geological time, geotropism, germ cells, gestation, gibberellins, gill slits, ginkgos, glial cells, glomerulus, glucagon, glucocorticoids, glucose, glycogen, glycolipids, glycolysis, glycoproteins, gnetales, golden brown algae, Golgi complex, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), gonadotropins, Gondwana, gonorrhea, grana, grasslands biome, green algae, greenhouse effect, ground system, growth hormone (GH), growth rings, guard cells, guanine, gymnosperms, gynoecium, habitat disruption, hair bulb, hair root, hair shaft, half-life, halophiles, haploid, hardwoods, Haversian canal, heart, heartwood, helper T cells, hemizygous, hemoglobin, hemophilia, hepatitis B, herbaceous, herbivores, heterogametic sex, heterotrophic, heterotrophs, heterozygous, histamine, histone proteins, homeobox genes, homeostasis, hominid, hominoid, homologous structures, homologues, homozygous, hormones, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), Human Genome Project, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Huntington disease, hydrogen bond, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, hydrophytic leaves, hydrosphere, hydrostatic skeleton, hypertension, hypertonic, hyphae, hypothesis, hypothalamus, hypotonic, ice age, ileum, immovable joint, immune system, immunoglobulins, implantation, incomplete dominance, incus, inflammation, inflammatory response, ingestive feeders, inheritance of acquired characteristics, initiation, initiation codon (AUG), insertion, insulin, integration, integument, integumentary system, interferons, internal environment, interneurons, internodes, interphase, interstitial, interstitial fluid, intracellular digestion, intracellular parasites, intracellular route, intron, inversion, ionic bond, isotonic, isotopes, jejunum, Jurassic Period, karyotype, keratin, keratinocytes, kidney stones, killer T cells, kilocalorie, kinetochores, kingdoms, Klinefelter syndrome, Kreb's cycle, labia majora, labia minora, lactose intolerance, Langerhans' cells, large intestine, larva, larynx, lateral roots, latitudinal diversity gradient, latitudinal gradient, law of the minimum, L-dopa, leaf primordia, leaf veins, leaves, leukocytes, lichens, life history, ligaments, light reactions, lignin, linkage, lipids, lipases, lithosphere, lobe-finned, logistic growth model, long-day plants, loop of Henle, lungfish, lungs, luteal phase, luteinizing hormone (LH), lymph, lymphatic circulation, lymphatic system, lymph hearts, lymphocytes, Lyon hypothesis, lysosomes, macroevolution, macromolecules, macronucleus, macronutrients, macrophages, malleus, Malpighian tubules, mammal-like reptiles, mantle, marine biome, marsupials, mass extinction, mast cells, matter, matter cycling, maximum sustainable yield (MSY), medulla, medulla oblongata, medusa, megakarocytes, megaspores, megaspore mother cell, meiosis, Meissner's corpuscles, melanin, melanocytes, membrane-attack complex (MAC), menstrual cycle, menstruation, meristematic tissue, mesentary, mesoderm, mesoglea, mesophyll, mesophytic leaves, Mesozoic Era, messenger RNA (mRNA), metabolic pathway, metabolism, metamorphosis, metaphase, metastasis, methanogens, methionine, micelles, microevolution, microfilaments, microgametophyte, micronucleus, micronutrients, micropyle, microsporangia, microspore mother cell, microspores, microtubules, microvilli, midbrain, middle lamella, migration, mineralocorticoids, minerals, minimum viable population (MVP), mitochondria, mitosis, mitotic spindle, mole, molecules, molecular biology, Monera, monocots, monoculture, monocytes, monohybrid cross, monomer, monophyletic group, monosaccharides, monotremes, morph, morphological convergence, morula, mosaic evolution, motor, motor (efferent) pathways, motor units, mouth, mucus, multicellular, multinucleate, muscle fibers, muscular system, mutation, mutation rate, mutualism, mycelium, mycorrhiza, myelin sheath, myofibrils, myosin, nares, nastic movement, natural selection, nectaries, negative feedback, negative feedback control, negative feedback loop, nektonic organisms, nephridium, nephron, nerve cord, nerve net, nerves, nervous system, net primary productivity (NPP), net secondary productivity (NSP), neural tube, neuromuscular junction, neurons, neurotoxin, neurotransmitters, neutron, niche, niche overlap, nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP⁺), node, node of Ranvier, nondisjunction, nonvascular plants, norepinephrine, notochord, nuclear area, nuclear pores, nucleic acids, nucleoid, nucleolus, nucleosomes, nucleotide sequences, nucleotides, nucleus (atom), nucleus (cell), nyctinasty, occipital lobe, oils, oncogenes, one gene, one enzyme hypothesis, one gene one polypeptide hypothesis, oocyte, oogenesis, open community, opposable, opsins, orders, Ordovician extinction, Ordovician Period, organelles, organism, organs, organ systems, orgasm, osmoconformers, osmoregulation, osmoregulators, osmosis, osmotic pressure, ossification, osteoarthritis, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, osteoporosis, out of Africa hypothesis, ovaries, overkill, oviducts, ovulation, ovule, ovum, oxidation, oxytocin, ozone, pacemaker, Pacinian corpuscles, paleontology, Paleozoic Era, palindrome, palisade, palynology, palynomorph, pancreas, pancreatic islets, Pangaea, parallel evolution, parasites, parasitism, parasympathetic system, parenchyma, parietal lobe, passive transport, pectin, pectoral girdle, pedigree analysis, pelagic zone, pelvic girdle, pelvis, penicillin, pepsin, pepsinogen, peptic ulcer, peptide bond, peptides, perichondrium, perennials, period, periosteum, peripheral nervous system, peristalsis, Permian Period, peroxisomes, petals, petiole, PGA (phosphoglycerate), PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde, phagocytes, phagocytosis, pharynx, phenotype, pheromones, phloem, phosphate group, phospholipids, phosphorylation, photic zone, photoperiodism, photosynthesis, photosystems, phototropism, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, phylogeny, phylogenetic, phylum, phytochrome, phytoplankton, pilus, pineal gland, pioneer community, pistil, pith, pituitary gland, placenta, placental mammals, planaria, planktonic organisms, Plantae, plants, plasma, plasma cells, plasmids, plasmodesmata, plasmolysis, plastids, platelets, plate tectonics, pleiotropic, Pleistocene, pleura, pleural cavity, polar covalent bond, pollen grains, pollen tube, pollination, polygenic inheritance, polymer, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), polynucleotides, polyp, polyploidy, polysaccharides, pons, population, population dynamics, portal system, positive feedback, positive feedback control, precambrian, precipitation, predation, predatory release, prehensile movement, prenatal testing, presymptomatic screening, prey switching, primary cell wall, primary body, primary compounds, primary growth, primary macronutrients, primary meristems, primary root, primary structure, primates, principle of independent assortment, principle of segregation, prions, producers, progesterone, prokaryote, prolactin, promoter, prophase, prostaglandins, prostate gland, proteinoids, proteins, prothallus, Protista, protists, proton, protostomes, protozoa, proximal tubule, pseudocoelom, pseudocoelomates, pseudopodia, pulmonary artery, pulmonary circuit, pulmonary vein, punctuated equilibrium, purine, pyloric sphincter, pyrimidine, quantum models of speciation, Quaternary Period, quaternary structure, race, radially symmetrical, radiation, radioactive decay, ray-finned, reabsorption, receptacle, receptor, recessive, recombinant DNA molecules, recombinant DNA technology, recombination, red algae, red blood cell, red tides, reduction, reductional division, reflex, reflex arc, region of division, region of elongation, region of maturation (differentiation), relative time , renal tubule, renin, replication, reproductive isolating mechanism, reproductive system, reptiles, resolution, resource partitioning, respiration, respiratory surface, respiratory system, resting potential, restriction enzymes, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), retina, retroviruses, reverse transcriptase, reverse transcription, rheumatoid arthritis, rhizoids, rhizome, rhodopsin, ribonucleic acid (RNA), ribose, ribosomal RNA, ribosomal subunits, ribosomes, RNA polymerase, RNA transcript, rods, root cap, root hairs, root-leaf-vascular system axis, roots, root system, RuBP, S phase, salivary amylase, salivary glands, saprophytes, sapwood, sarcomeres, saturated fat, Schwann cells, scientific method, sclereids, sclerenchyma, scrotum, secondary cell wall, secondary compounds, secondary extinction, secondary growth, secondary immunity, secondary macronutrients, secondary (lateral) meristems, secondary phloem, secondary structure, secondary xylem, second law of thermodynamics (entropy), second messenger, secretin, secretion, sediment, sedimentary rock, seed, seeds, seed coat, segments, segregation, selective breeding, selectively permeable, semen, semiconservative replication, semilunar valve, seminal vesicles, seminiferous tubules, sensor, sensory cortex, sensory input, sensory neurons, sensory (afferent) pathways, sepals, separation, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID, sex chromosomes, sex hormones, sex linkage, sexual reproduction, shoot, short-day plants, sickle cell anemia, sieve cells, sieve elements, sieve plates, sieve tube members, silica, Silurian Period, simple leaf , sink, sinoatrial (SA) node, sister chromatids, sleep movement, skeletal muscle, skeletal system, skin, sliding filament model, small intestine, smooth muscle, social behavior, societies, sodium-potassium pump, soil, somatic, somatic cell, somatic senses, somatic nervous system, somatostatin, somites, special senses, species, species diversity, species packing, species richness, sperm, spermatogenesis, spicules, spinal cord, spindle apparatus, spleen, spongy bone, spongy mesophyll, sporangia, spores, sporophyte, Sporozoans, stability, stabilizing selection, stalk, stamens, stapes, start codon, stem cells, sternum, steroids, sticky ends, stigma, stimulus, stolons, stomach, stomata, stomatal apparatus, stop codon, stratification, stressed community, stroma, style, subatomic particles, suberin, subspecies, substitution, substrate feeders, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), superior vena cava, suppressor T cells, suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN), symbiosis, sympathetic system, synapse, synapsis, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicles, synergid, synovial joint, syphilis, systematics, systemic circuit, systole, systolic pressure, taiga biome, tap root, target cell, tarsals, taxis, taxon, taxonomy, T cells, tectonic plates , telophase, temperate forest biome, template strand, temporal lobe, tendons, terminal buds, termination, termination codon, tertiary structure, test cross, testes, testosterone, tetrad, thalamus, thecodonts, theory, thermacidophiles, thermiogenesis, thermoregulation, thigmotropism, thoracic cavity, thorax, thorns, thoroughfare channels, thymine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, tight junctions, tissues, toxins, trace fossil, trachea, tracheids, transcription, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), transformation, transforming factor, transition reaction, translation, translocation, transpiration, Triassic Period, trichomes, trichocysts, trilobites, triplet, trisomy, trophoblast, tropical rain forest biome, tropic hormone, tropism, true-breeding, trypanosomes, tubal ligation, tubal pregnancy, tube-within-a-tube system, tube nucleus, tubers, tubular secretion, tubulins, tumor suppressor genes, tundra biome, turgor pressure, Turner syndrome, , umbilical cord, unicellular, uniformitarianism, uninucleate, unsaturated fat, uracil, ureter, urethra, urine, uterus, vaccination, vaccine, vacuoles, vagina, vascular bundle, vascular cambium, vascular cylinder, vascular parenchyma, vascular plants, vascular system, vas deferens, vasectomy, vasopressin, vectors, veins, ventilation, ventral, ventricle, venules, vernalization, vertebrae, vertebrate, vesicles, vessel elements, vestigial structures, villi, viroids, virus, vitamins, vulva, white blood cell, wood, X-chromosome, xerophytic leaves, x-ray diffraction, xylem, zebroid, Z lines, zone of differentiation, zone of elongation, zone of intolerance, zone of physiological stress, zygomycetes, zygospore, zygote .